Vacuum Impregnation Process Optimization for Tilapia with Biopreservatives at Ice Temperature.

The vacuum impregnation (VI) process was used to pretreat tilapia fillets with biopreservatives at -2 °C. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilised to optimize processing conditions, including vacuum pressure (pv), vacuum maintenance time (t1), and atmospheric pressure recovery time (t2), which were determined to be 67.73 kPa, 23.66 min, and 8.87 min, respectively. The anticipated values for the aerobic plate count (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and comprehensive score (CS) were 5.17 lg CFU/g, 14.04 mg/100 g, and 0.98, respectively. Verification experiments were conducted, and the experimental results for APC and TVB-N deviated from the predicted values by 0.19% and 0.64%, respectively. After 30 days of storage following VI and atmosphere impregnation (AI) pretreatment, the water-holding capacity (WHC), APC, TVB-N, hardness, and whiteness were determined. On the 30th day, the results for VI pretreatment were 63.38%, 6.27 lg CFU/g, 17.41 mg/100 g, 3.11 N, and 47.73, respectively. Compared with AI pretreatment, WHC, hardness, and whiteness increased by 14.8%, 18.6%, and 6.3%, respectively, whereas APC and TVB-N decreased by 11.3% and 29.6%, respectively. This study demonstrates that when biopreservatives are applied during the pretreatment process, VI technology can be utilised to facilitate their penetration into the interior of tilapia, hence significantly enhancing the effect of ice-temperature preservation.

Characterizing the Neutrophilic Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.

The mechanisms underlying neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remain poorly investigated. This study aimed to examine the factors that contribute to tissue neutrophilia in CRSwNP. The numbers of neutrophils and active caspase-3-positive apoptotic neutrophils in sinonasal tissues were assessed via immunofluorescence staining. The 95th percentile of tissue neutrophil numbers in control subjects was selected as a cut-off to define neutrophil-high (Neu-high) or neutrophil-low (Neu-low) nasal polyps (NPs). The levels of 34 inflammatory mediators in sinonasal tissues were analyzed using Bio-Plex assay. Purified human peripheral blood neutrophils were incubated with nasal tissue homogenates, and the apoptotic neutrophils were assessed via flow cytometry. The cut-off for Neu-high NPs was >10 myeloperoxidase positive cells/high-power field. Compared with Neu-low NPs, Neu-high NPs had higher tissue levels of IL-1ß, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, MCP-1, and MIP-1α, but lower levels of IL-5, IL-13, IgE, and eosinophils. Principal component and multiple correspondence analyses revealed mixed type 1, type 2, and type 3 endotypes for Neu-low NPs, and predominant type 1 and type 3 endotypes for Neu-high NPs. Neu-high NPs had lower percentages of apoptotic neutrophils than Neu-low NPs. The numbers of neutrophils and the percentages of apoptotic neutrophils correlated with G-CSF and IL-6 levels in the NPs. Tissue homogenates from Neu-high NPs, but not those from Neu-low NPs, suppressed neutrophil apoptosis in vitro, which was reversed by anti-G-CSF treatment. Tissue neutrophil numbers were associated with difficult-to-treat disease in patients with CRSwNP after surgery. We propose that G-CSF promotes neutrophilic inflammation by inhibiting neutrophil apoptosis in CRSwNP.

Defective STING expression potentiates IL-13 signaling in epithelial cells in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation favors effective innate immune responses against viral infections. Its role in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to explore the expression, regulation, and function of STING in CRSwNP. METHODS: STING expression in sinonasal mucosal samples was analyzed by means of quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. Regulation and function of STING expression were explored by using cultured primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and cells of the line BEAS-2B in vitro. RESULTS: STING expression was reduced in eosinophilic nasal polyps compared with that in noneosinophilic nasal polyps and control tissues. STING was predominantly expressed by epithelial cells in nasal tissue and was downregulated by IL-4 and IL-13 in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-dependent manner. HNECs derived from eosinophilic polyps displayed compromised STING-dependent type I interferon production but heightened IL-13-induced STAT6 activation and CCL26 production as compared with HNECs from noneosinophilic polyps and control tissues, which were rescued by exogenous STING overexpression. Knocking down or overexpressing STING decreased or enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in BEAS-2B cells, respectively, independent of the canonic STING pathway elements TBK1 and IRF3. Knocking down SOCS1 abolished the inhibitory effect of STING on IL-13 signaling in BEAS-2B cells. STING expression was positively correlated with SOCS1 expression but negatively correlated with CCL26 expression in nasal epithelial cells from patients with CRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced STING expression caused by the type 2 milieu not only impairs STING-dependent type I interferon production but also amplifies IL-13 signaling by decreasing SOCS1 expression in nasal epithelial cells in eosinophilic CRSwNP.

The IL-37-Mex3B-Toll-like receptor 3 axis in epithelial cells in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: The role of IL-37, an immunosuppressive cytokine, in patients with inflammatory diseases is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore the expression and pathogenic function of IL-37 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS: Expression levels of IL-37, IL-18 receptor α, IL-1 receptor 8, Mex3 RNA binding family member B (Mex3B), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in nasal samples were studied by using quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and ELISA. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and the BEAS-2B cell line were stimulated with various cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. In some experiments BEAS-2B cells were transfected with Mex3B small interfering RNA or overexpressing lentiviruses. Genes regulated by IL-37b in HNECs were studied by using RNA sequencing analysis. IL-37b function was confirmed in mice in vivo. RESULTS: Compared with control subjects, although mRNA and protein expression of IL-37 were upregulated in diseased tissues, especially in nasal epithelial cells, in patients with CRS without nasal polyps or in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), IL-37 levels in nasal secretions were reduced in patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP. Type 2 cytokines inhibited IL-37 secretion from HNECs. HNECs expressed IL-37 receptors, IL-18 receptor α, and IL-1 receptor 8. IL-37b downregulated the expression of Mex3B, a TLR3 coreceptor, in HNECs. IL-37b suppressed polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced TSLP production in HNECs in vitro and in murine nasal epithelial cells in vivo. Knocking down or overexpressing Mex3B in BEAS-2B cells abolished the inhibitory effect of IL-37b. Secreted IL-37 levels negatively correlated with Mex3B and TSLP levels and eosinophil numbers in patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS: The suppressed IL-37 secretion caused by a type 2 milieu can enhance Mex3B-mediated TLR3 activation and subsequent TSLP production in nasal epithelial cells and therefore promotes eosinophilic inflammation in patients with CRSwNP.

First case of laboratory-confirmed severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome disease revealed the risk of SFTSV infection in Xinjiang, China.

The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region locating in Northwest of China was not considered the epidemic area of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Here we report the first laboratory-confirmed SFTS case that a female patient had tick bite in Xinjiang and illness onset after returning to Hainan Province. Laboratory tests identified SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection, and the virus was isolated from the patient's serum sample. Furthermore, SFTSV prevalence among tick groups was identified, and IgM response to SFTSV from febrile patients was identified. The findings suggested that there have been risks of SFTSV infection due to exposure to ticks in Xinjiang.

The activation and function of IL-36γ in neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Although increased accumulation of neutrophils has been noted in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the function and regulation of neutrophils in CRS are largely unknown. IL-36 family cytokines may play an important role in neutrophilic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to investigate the expression and function of IL-36 cytokines in CRS. METHODS: Quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA were used to investigate the expression of IL-36 cytokines and IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) in sinonasal mucosa. The expression of IL-36R on neutrophils in polyps and blood was measured by flow cytometry. Purified blood neutrophils were cultured to investigate the regulation of IL-36R expression. The cleavage of IL-36γ was detected by Western blotting. Dispersed nasal polyp cells were treated with IL-36γ with or without elastase inhibitor and dexamethasone. RESULTS: Neutrophil infiltration and expression of IL-36 cytokines and IL-36R were upregulated in both CRS with and without nasal polyps. IL-36γ was the most abundant isoform and mainly expressed by epithelial cells in CRS. Neutrophils were the principal IL-36R+ cell type in polyps. IL-36R expression was almost absent in blood neutrophils and upregulated by IL-6, IL-1ß, and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1. Elastase activity was increased in polyps and degraded full-length IL-36γ. Consistently, the levels of cleaved IL-36γ were increased in polyps. Full-length IL-36γ promoted the production of matrix metalloproteinase 9; IL-17A; and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands 1, 2, and 8 from dispersed nasal polyp cells, which was abolished by elastase inhibitor. The proinflammatory effect of IL-36γ was not suppressed by dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS: Increased production and activation of IL-36γ may act on neutrophils and further exaggerate neutrophilic inflammation in CRS.

Upregulation of ZBTB7A exhibits a tumor suppressive role in gastric cancer cells.

Gastric cancer presents as a complex solid tumor and is the third leading cause of global cancer­associated mortality. The genetic alterations in gastric cancer remain unclear and deserve further investigation. Mining The Cancer Genome Atlas gastric adenocarcinoma dataset identified a frequent loss of the zinc finger and BTB domain containing 7A (ZBTB7A) gene locus and a significant correlation between low ZBTB7A expression and poor patient survival. ZBTB7A belongs to the POZ/BTB and Kruppel transcription factor family. In the present study, overexpression of ZBTB7A in a gastric cancer cell line induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase. Upregulation of ZBTB7A also promoted apoptosis and repressed cell migration. The results of the present study indicated that ZBTB7A functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer cells. Understanding the role of ZBTB7A in gastric cancer may provide important clinical insight for treatment.